Using Chapter 3 from the textbook answer the following questions: (Make sure when commenting to this post to use the "Other" selection and leave your real name.) This assignment will take the place of End Of Chapter 3 questions. If you have already done Chapter 3 questions then you will receive Extra Credit for them.
• Describe the growth of the telecommunications technology since the late 19th century
• Identify key inventions and their current equivalents in telephony technology
• Explain the impetus for and impact of AT&T’s divestiture
• Discuss how government has influenced the way in which consumers obtain telecommunications services
• List current policy trends that affect the telecommunications industry
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1. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell filed for the patent for the telephone. Four years later he founded American Bell.
The first automatic switch was then developed in 1889, called a step-by-step switch. In 1913 the crossbar switch was invented.
Marconi invented the radio in 1896. The Audion which utilized vacuum tubes to amplify a signal was invented by DeForest.
The first wireless car phone was connected in 1946 in St. Louis. During World War II ENIAC was developed for military operations.
In 1951 the first business computer, the UNIVAC, was created and by 1965 many large businesses were using computers.
Beginning in 1913 with the Kingsbury Commitment, AT&T would become regulated by the government. First divesting of Western Union,
stop buying local telephone companies and allow other companies to connect to its lines. In 1934 the FCC was setup to impose
guidelines on telecommunications and technology. In 1982, AT&T was split into multiple companies according to the Modified
Final Judgement. Finally in 1996, the AT&T monopoly was disolved to promote competition in telecommunication fields.
2.
Semaphore- Traffic lights
Telegraph- Fax machines
Telephone- Home and business telephones
Radio- Satellite radio
Wireless car phone- Cell phones
Steam powered difference computer- Semiconductor based personal company
3. The desire to breakup monopolies in the United States spurred Congress to regulate and ultimately dismantle AT&T.
Once dissolved, the market was open to other companies competition which improved services and decreased prices.
4. First the government split apart companies that manufacture hardware from companies that provide the service. Then AT&T was divided
up and each of seven Regional Bell Operating Centers were setup. By limiting the scope of AT&T to local areas, there became a
need for long distance services separate from the local telephone service.
5. RBOC's to get back control of long distance service. Taxing for service or equipment that RBOC's have been funding. Universal
access to the internet.
1.By the mid 19th century, the telegraph had become pivotal communication channels for commerce and government. During this time, the telephone evolved quickly and human operators were replaced with electronic switches. By the end of the 19th century, the telephone had become the standard for communication across the globe. Telecommunications has continued to grow with wireless technology and satellites.
2.Semaphore = Flags & Telegraph
Audion = Radio & Walkie Talkie
Telephone = Telephone
Satellite = Cell Phone
Universal Automatic Computer = Personal Computer
3.The reason for AT&T’s breakup was that they held a monopoly of the telephone industry. According to the regulations, a person couldn’t even attach another company’s device to an AT&T telephone. Because of the breakup, new companies and services began to emerge and the industry grew and continued to develop better technologies.
4.The government not only controls the various industries interconnections, but also regulates competitive pricing, quality of service, and manufacturing of new technologies.
5.Most recently the Telecommunications Act of 1996 opened up more competition in phone service, wireless telecommunications, cable TV, broadcasting, and the Internet.
L. Campbell
1. In 1837, Samuel Morse invented the telegraph which used electromagnetic pulses over a wire.
In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell filed his patent for the telephone 3 hours before Elisha Gray. Bell offered his patent to Western Union who rejected his idea, so Bell formed his own company, American Bell, in 1880. By 1882 American Bell owned controlling stock in Western Union. Switching was done manually until the invention of the step-by-step switch in 1889. In 1913 a Western Electric engineer, N.J.Reynolds, developed a better automatic switch called the crossbar switch. In 1965 AT&T placed into service the first electronic switch, and in 1976 they upgraded to time division switching. After a number of attempts to avoid anti-trust suits, AT&T was split up into the 7 baby Bells in 1982. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 again attempted to level the playing field for competition.
2. Semaphore- Lighthouses and gail warning flags along the coastline.
Telegraph- Fax machine
Telephone- Voice over ip phones
Radio- Car stereo
3. The reason for AT&Ts break up was to allow for more competition, and to generate lower price schedules.
4. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 tries to keep monopolies from overtaking the telecommunications industry again. It also allowes for phone number portability, and provides competitors to access their facilities. It also insures connectivity for rural communities.
5. Even though rural concerns are addressed, and money is funneled to education from the RBOCs, RBOCs have been allowed to get into the long distance business.
1)
The growth of telecommunications technology since the late 19th century has been nothing short of phenomenal.
The invention of the telegraph with it’s use of dots and dashes to represent characters in “Morse code”, applied to punch cards, could possibly have contributed to the use of our current binary code technology used in math and IT technologies.
The development of switching technologies and their duplexing and multiplexing methods of telegraphy transmissions was and is a large part of today’s networking technology. The creation of a switching hierarchal infrastructure necessitated a locale or a functional hierarchy.
The marvels of communicating over a wire for unbelievable distances bordered on magic. But to communicate over vast distances through the atmosphere was almost heresy. The late 1800’s ushered in the ability to transmit electromagnetic signals through the air and the beginning of wireless technology. This period saw the inventing of the vacuum tube, a rudimentary amplifier, the start of frequency modulation technology and wireless telephony. The wireless telephony transmission hand-off techniques gave the name “CELL” to the area being served, which carried over into today’s wireless technology nomenclature.
2)
Semaphore________ Highway signs--------Navy Signalmen (using flags)
Audion___________ Radio voice signals------amplifier----------FM technology
Telephone________ Telephone--------voip technology-------Switches---Routers
Telegraph_______ Binary code-------Transmission methods(duplex and Multiplex)
Radio____________ wireless Telephony and cell phones
Satellite____ Local, intercontinental and outer-space wireless communications
Universal Automatic Computer = Personal Computer
3)
The growing tide of public dissatisfaction with AT&T’s sub-par service and the swelling ranks of new companies with new products and new ideas that were being smothered by AT&T was the impetus for the divestiture of AT&T.
The impact of the divestiture was the elimination of a lot of the restrictions and the leveling of the playing field. The results were an ever-increasing influx of innovation, competition, improvements and open-source involvement into the American world of IT.
It seems the Justice Departments rationalization “all for the common good” was justified.
4)
4. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 addressed some issues that might prevent the resurgence of telecommunications industry monopolies:
Some of the issues addressed are:
Smooth and economical interconnection between competitors
Supposedly allowing more flexibility in programming
Prohibiting states regulating services provided by cable systems
Regulatory reform of states PSC’s and FCC with the intent of limiting barriers to competition
The effect of Telecommunications act of 1996 on other state and federal laws. ( do they superceed or replace)
Allowing for phone number portability, and providing competitors access to their facilities.
It also insures connectivity for rural communities by creating the universal service fund.
The creation of the e-rate program to help reduce the digital divide.
To promote competition and reduce regulation and to secure lower pricing and higher Q of S
5)
The Bill before Congress that would remove all high speed Internet acess restrictions on RBOC’s.
Taxing for service or equipment that RBOC's have been funding.
The elimination of the requirement for RBOC’s to provide competitors with equal access to their circuits at a discount rate.
RBOC’s are creeping back into the long distance business.
Affordable and available internet access to everyone
1.Early Telecommunications consisted of signaling rather than voice communication. Semaphore used visual cues to represent letters or words. Morse Code consisted of dots and dashes to spell words out. Morse Code was used on a telegraph. It would send electric impulses which would move across a wire and moved a needle for a short-dot or a long-dash signal. During this time, the telephone brought upon by 2 Americans Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell evolved quickly and human operators were replaced with electronic switches. The telephone had become the standard for communication across the globe by the end of the 19th century. Since the telephone, Telecommunications has grown to wireless and satalite technology.
2.Semaphore: Flags & Telegraph
Audion: Radio & Walkie Talkie
Telephone: Telephone
Satellite: Cell Phone
Universal Automatic Computer: Personal Computer
3.Subscribers were upset with AT&T in the mid to late 1900's. At the same time, advancing technology introduce new companys with inovative ideas. With discontent customers and upset companies, the Department of Justice decided to investigate AT&T again for possible antitrust abuse. After 7 years, the DoJ found AT&T guilty and decided they should split into smaller companies. Some of the companies would still continue to be regualted monopolies while others would be open to competition. The Modified Final Judgment consisted of over 600 pages of instructions detaling exactly how AT&T would be split.
4.The government controls the various telecommunication industries, regulates competitive pricing, quality of service, and manufacturing of new technologies.
5. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 opened up more competition in all telecommunications such as: phone service, wireless, cable TV, broadcasting, satalite and the Internet.
1. Growth of telecommunications
technology experienced rapid
incline as movement of people
farther apart created the need
for up to the moment informa-
tion of daily living for the
business sector as well as in
time of war and livelyhood. The
means for expectation of civi-
lization generated a market
that would not quench until it
satisfied the economical stress
under which it itself created.
2. Inventions were as many as were
the ideas of men and their mind
envisioned but only those that
patented or/and followed their
own ambitition. The small token
of persistence would someday be
today's footstool of success as
radio is to mp3,telephone is to
cellphone,battery is to solar-
panel,copper wire is to fiber,
and so on.
3. Too much of a good thing is not
so good as well as too much of
a bad thing is even worse, and
business was to good for AT&T.
The bigger they are, the harder
they fall or is it, if they are
bigger than you, then cut them
off at the knees, or something
like that, but anyway for the
consumer there is a benefit and
commercially even better in the
real world of competition.
4. By providing institutions to
monitor and regulate policy for
the way software and hardware
and applying such business to
military and consumers alike
in perspective allowed equal
benefit of product and reliabi-
lity.
5. De-regulation provided a stand-
ard and continued refinement of
all aspects of telecommunica-
tions from raw materials to the
finished product, confidence in
organizational level of the gov
ernment and business at home or
abroad, improvements and new
products test the markets abi-
lity to withstand elements far
greater than those thought of
today and in the future,so far.
Bernardo
1. Went from morse code to being able to duplex a signal,Thomas Edison's invented the Telegraph and France,Jean Baudot invinting Multiplexing.
2. Hierarchy of switching
3. Although AT&T was a predominant co. it was ordered to break in to smaller co. and by doing this allowed for competition for long distance service.
4. By the goverment's ruleing that AT&T split it allowed for growth and advancement in technology.
1. When Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Early on telecommunications was mostly signaling. When Bell invented the telephone, he founded American Bell four years later.
2. Semaphore-flags and traffic lights.
Telegraph-Fax Machine
Telephone-Home, business phones
Satellite-Communication, television, radio.
3. The breakup allowed for easier usage on devices, and to allow more competition.
4.The government regulates the competitive pricing in the companies which manufacture devices for consumers. This affects consumers in the market.
5. The bill proposed for congress removing any restrictions for high speed connection. The telecommunications act of 1996.
1. From telephone to radio; vacuum tubes to semiconductors; and from ENIAC to personal computers, the growth in telecommunications has been exponential since the late 19th century.
2. Semaphore - lighthouses
Telephone - cell phones
Audion - amplifiers
Radio - Sirius Satellite radio
ENIAC - laptop
3. The impetus for AT&Ts divesture was that the government wanted to get rid of the monopoly that AT&T had held for 85 years. People were dissatisfied with service. The government wanted to stimulate growth and competition in local service, long distance service and the development of new technologies.
4. The government has helped the way in which consumers obtain telecommunication services in many ways. The Kingsbury commitment was the first. It stopped AT&T from buying independent Telcos and allowed independent ones to connect to its lines and switching centers. This created a regulated monopoly.
The establishment of the FCC in 1934 with the Communications Act helped enforce the Kingsbury Commitment. Other decisions such as the Hush-A-Phone and Carterfone decisions allowed other competitors into the hardware end of things.
In 1984, the Modified Final Judgment (MFJ) broke apart AT&T into AT&T technologies and AT&T communications allowing for more competition. Its' hope also to stimulate innovation in technological research and development.
Again in 1996, the Telecom Act was a sweeping piece of legislation that affected competition in local phone service wireless and cable TV.
5. Currently both the universal service fund and the e-rate program help less affluent areas and schools be able to cross the digital divide. Enforcement of the Telecom Act has helped with number portability, access and interconnection with other services.
1. In 1837, Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, which consisted of an electromagnet and a hand-operated switch, known as a key, to alternately open or close an electrical circuit over a wire.
In 1876, Alexander Bell filed his patent for the telephone.
In 1880, he founded his own company, American Bell, which both produced telephones and supplied telephone service to houses and businesses.
In 1889, Almon Strowger adopted the first automatic switch, called a step-by-step switch.
In 1896, Gugliemio Marconi applied for a patent for a device that issued electromagnetic waves into the air, which he called the radio.
In 1907, Lee DeForest patented the Audion.
In 1913, N.J. Reynolds developed a better automatic switch, the crossbar switch.
In 1934, Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934, which established the Federal Communications Commission.
In 1946, AT&T Bell Laboratories connected the first wireless car phone.
In 1956, AT&T signed a consent decree to resolve a dispute over its foray into electronic switching and the potential abuses of its monopoly power the these developments might lead to.
In 1982, the Department of Justice ruled that AT&T should be split into mulitple smaller companies.
2. Semaphore - Flags, traffic lights
Telegraph - fax machine
Telephone transmitter - telephones for homes and business
Wireless car phones - cell phones
Radio - Satellite Radio
3. AT&T was split up because it had a monopoly on the phone industry. The split up allowed other companies the chance to compete.
4. In the 1990's the U.S. government decided that the existence of regulated monopolies in local phone service hinded competition. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 this affected competition in local phone service, wireless, cable TV, broadcasting, and internet.
5. RBOC's provided local telephone service - continue to be regulated monopolies. This ruling was called the Modified Final Judgment.
In 1837 Samuel Morse invented the telegraph a hand operated switch known as Morse code. And, later Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 invented the telephone. Telecommunications technology really started to excel, by the late 1900's. Frequency Modulation which is a wave containing information to be by FM radio station took off. Followed by the walkie-talkie and satellites. The first computer (Universal Automatic Computer) became available in 1951. In the mid 20th century At&t was the a monoply in the telecommunication industry. Finally, in 1982 the gaint was split up to smaller companies. Which paved the way for other companies to excel in this market. The governmet tried not hinder comptetion in this market by the breaking up At&t. To promote competition and reduce regulation in order to sicure lower prices and higher prality services for Anerican telecommunications consumers. One trend is allowing supplier timely public notices about changes in their network that might affect competitor's abilty to connect with services, through their facilities.
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