• Explain how NICs operate
• List the most common types of NICs
• Describe the purpose and operation of hubs and repeaters
• Describe the purpose and operation of bridges and switches
• Explain how routers connect dissimilar networks
• Identify other Layer 3 connectivity devices and understand their uses
• Describe how remote users can connect to a LAN or WAN via a modem
• Identify the components necessary for access and carrier network connectivity
10 comments:
1.)Explain how NICs operate: Transmit data in a format that other network nodes can interpret.
3.)Describe the purpose and operation of hubs and repeaters: To regenerate a signal.
5.)Explain how routers connect dissimilar networks: By using layer three address and determine shortest & fastest path.
7.)Describe how remote users can connect to a LAN or WAN via a modem: Dial directly to LAN access server, dial directly to host workstation.
NIC's allow multiple computer to communicate with each other over a network.
Most common NIC's are: 3 Com, Adaptec,D-Link,IBM,Intel,and Western Digital to name a few.
The purpose of hubs and repeaters are to regenerate a signal along a segment.
Bridges and switches make decisions about where direct data based on the MAC address.
Routers use protocols to communicate with each other, by doing so allows them to send information from one network to another.
John Otey
•Nic’s enable nodes to connect to a network. There are different types to accomidate the different access methods, tranamission speeds and computer interfaces.
Nics do the data signaling and data framing and belong to both thr the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model.
•The most popular types of Nic interfaces are (a) Adapter Card (b) PC Card (3) and USB.
•Hubs and Repeaters belong to the Physical Layer. They do not interpert data, but regenerate a signal along a segment.. They are inexpensive and used to extend a network. Hubs often connect multiple nodes in a workgroup fashion.
•Bridges and Switches belong to the Data Link Layer. Bridges make decisions about where to direct data based on the MAC address in data frame header. A bridge keeps a filtering database to decide whether to discard a packet or to forward it. Bridges have one input port and one output port and can separate a network into two different collision domains.
Switches can assign each port its own communication channel creating many separate collision domains. Switches are also used to create virtual local area networks (VLANs).
• Explain how routers connect dissimilar networks: Routers use routing protocols, such as OSPF and BGP, to communicate with each other and connect dissimilar networks via gateways using a combination of software and hardware.
• Identify other Layer 3 connectivity devices and understand their uses: Layer 3 switch is capable of interpreting Layer 3 data. Firewalls selectively filter or block traffic between networks. Gateways interpret logical data.
• Describe how remote users can connect to a LAN or WAN via a modem: Users connect by dialing directly to the LAN’s access server using a modem, dialing directly to a networked workstation using a modem, or using an Internet connection.
• Identify the components necessary for access and carrier network connectivity: Many types of devices such as: DCS, DACS, switches, routers, and gateways. Then is commonly collocated in ILEC POPs to pass local subscriber traffic from an ILEC’s facilities to a CLEC’s network.
NICs transmit data in a format that other network nodes can interpret. They also receive an encode data from other networks.
There are 4 common types of NICs: adapter cards, PC cards, USB NICs, and wireless.
A repeater is used to repeat digital signals. They operate at the Physical layer accepting the signal and retransmitting. They don't interpret the data that they transmit (not "intelligent").
A hub is a multiport repeater. It can connect multiple computers. There are 2 types: passive and intelligent. A passive hub does nothing but repeat the signal. Intelligent hubs permit remote management, filter data according to type and provide diagnostic information about the network.
Bridges and switches work at Layer 2. They break up collision domains, forward broadcasts and built MAC address tables.
Routers connect dissimilar networks by being modular in design, allow for different types of connections and they use routing protocols to learn about different networks.
Other Layer 3 connectivity devices include switches and firewalls. A layer 3 switch is capable of interpreting layer 3 data(IP addresses). A firewall is a specialized computer (often a router) that selectively filters and blocks traffic between networks.
Remote users can dial into a remote server or a remote workstation via a modem.
The components necessary for access and carrier network connectivity are: copper wires, remote terminal, fiber optic cable and central office terminal.
1. NICs send and receive data over the network. They use current over twisted pair and light signals over fiber. NICs also assemble and disassemble data frames during transmission and reception. NICs belong to both the physical and data link layers.
2. Adapter card, PC Card, and USB.
3. Hubs and repeaters are layer 1 connectivity devices used to regenerate signals to extend a network. They also extend the collision domain because they do not read data they just send the data forward. Repeaters have one in port and one out port. Hubs are a multiport repeater. They can be used to send a signal to a group of computers.
4. Switches and bridges are layer 2 connectivity devices. Bridges like hubs have 2 ports, one for incoming traffic and one for outgoing traffic. A switch is a multiport bridge. Switches and bridges read the physical address of a packet to know which data to forward and which data to drop.
1. Explain ho NIC's operate. NIC's acts as transcievers for workstations, serers, connectivity devices, and peripherals on a network. NIC's receive and interpret encoded data from the network.
2. Lists the most common types of NIC's. 1. Adapter Card 2. PC Card 3. USB
3. Describe the purpose of hubs and repeaters.
Repeaters accepts a signals, then retransmits it to all connected nodes.
A Hub is a multiport repeater and can connect a group of computers, accepting signals from and repeating signals to all connected nodes.
4. Describe the purpose and operation of bridges and switches.
Bridges read the physical destination (or Mac address) information and decide whether to forward the data packet to another segment on the network. Analyze incoming frames.
Switches subdivides a network into smaller logical segments and faciilitates data exchange between those segments. A switch can interpret Mac address information just like bridges.
Connecting dissimilar networks, by using level three addresses and gatways.
Routing switches or Application Switches perform advanced filtering, statistic keeping,, and security functions,they transmit data faster than routers, and are eisier to install and config.
Connecting to LAN and WAN via a modem, Direct dial to a remote access server,Direct dial to a host workstation.
Components needed for access, remote terminal, fiber obtic cable, and central office terminal.
2.) Adapter card, PC card, and UBS
4.) Bridges and switches read the physical destination (or MAC address) information and decide whether to forward the data packet to another segment on the network, or if the destination address belongs to the same segment as the source address, filter(discard) it.
6.) Layer 3 and 4 switches(does routing and application switching),Firewalls(blocks unwanted traffic) Gateways(connect at least two dissimilar kinds of networks.
8.) remote subscriber terminal, central office terminal.
I have not actually read this chapter yet so some of these answers may not follow the text, though I believe they are accurate.
1. I gave a portion of the long answer in class last week when I described baseband. NICs contain transceivers that convert data to the type of signal necessary for transmission across the network and abck again to those that a computer can understand.
2. PCI
PC Card - PCMCIA
USB
Wireless
3. Hubs and repeaters are used to regenerate network transmissions as well as providing network access for multiple users.
4. Bridges and switches break up networks into segments or collision domains, keeping collisions local and preventing broadcasts from traversing the entire network.
5. Routers operate at layer 3 and are mainly concerned with connecting separate IP networks. Routers use routing protocols such as RIP and EIGRP to detect and establish routing tables to nearby network routers. These nearby routers also have routing tables to their neighbors. When all routers in a network have converged each router knows how reach every other IP network within the larger network through their routing tables. Internet routers contain routing tables with 250,000 and more entries.
6. Other Layer 3 devices include Layer 3and 4 switches, Firewalls, and Gateways
Layer 3 and 4 switches have greater versatility than their Layer 2 counterparts and are capable of not only switching at Layer 2 but also routing at Layer 3 and can perform all of the same functions as a router.
Firewalls are specialized network devices that prevent unwanted access to a network. Most routers can function as firewalls.
Gateway provide access to outside networks. A Gateway is typically a router that has IP address in its routing table for sending data with a destination outside the local network.
7. Remote access includes Direct dial to a remoter access server or a host workstation which create a point to point connection. Another method involves the Internet. Users can connect to a remote network by several methods including: FTP, HTTP, Telnet, and VPN.
8. Access node, DCS, Remote Terminal????
John Nicol
*How NICs operate-device that connects to a system network that acts as a transceivers for workstations, services and other devices.
*NICs or network adapters operate at layer one, physical, in the OSI model and layer two, Data link. NICs transmit and receive encoded messages, They issue current for wire, or light pulses for optics, use air waves for wireless.They assemble/disassemble data frames,are able to detect when collision occur in transmission.
*Some most common types NICs are adapter cards, PC card, USB interface.
*Hubs and Repeaters expand a network segment. Are repeating connectivity device regenerating signal in/out. Hubs differ in mult-port and might be used as network backbone, management console, there are some that are intelligent hubs that diagnose, filter data, capable of remote management.
*Bridges and switches analyze frames, make decisions to direct, filter traffic, discard if necessary, learn network, are layer three, network, create separate collision domains. Switches subdivide network into logical segments, facilitate data exchange, in layer two, can interpret MAC address, ability to handle multiple port, makes use of limited bandwidth, but in the cut-through speed provided or store and forward mode can can collisions unable to detect and cause traffic congestion.
*Routers are intelligent device after loaded by administrator from other routers at protocol dependent. A layer three and higher, has input/output for different types of networks, it is a specialized device made to connect disimiliar devices with static and dynamic routing emphazies. At layer three and four switches capable of interpreting data at higher layer, also called a routing switch or application switch and perform advance filtering, keep statistics and security functions.
*One of three ways, direct dail to remote access servers, direct dail from host workstations connecting to internet.
*NICs in physical layer to routers in the network layer model integrate protocols and transmission methods of access. Devices connected in digital to analog and vice versa. Switches to remote access, local loop subcribers facilitators line of wire, fiber, or wireless. Somehow all this put together can communications much easier its safe and secure when it needs to be.
Bernardo
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